When Should the GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile Be Considered?

Patients with a clinical history suggestive of a gastrointestinal infection or dysbiosis can be evaluated with the GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile. Symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation may be a result of a microbial imbalance or infection. This profile can also be used to monitor treatment efficacy to eradicate an organism or to monitor changes to the microbiota. Gut microbes are codependent with one another and with their human host, and the health of one affects the other. A sizeable volume of research associates a dysbiotic, or imbalanced gut microbiome with multiple disease states both within and outside of the GI tract.^1,2 The microbiome's diverse metabolic activities ultimately impact the human host, and the human hosts activities ultimately affect the microbiome's health.

The GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile biomarkers include:

• Commensal Bacteria demonstrate the gut microbiomes composition and relative abundance.
  • More than 95% of commensal gut organisms are anaerobic and are difficult to recover by traditional (aerobic) culture techniques. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methodology identifies bacterial populations and is considered the standard for anaerobic bacteria assessment.
  • GI Effects assesses a set of 24 genera/species that map to 7 major phyla.

• Bacterial and mycology cultures demonstrate the presence of specific beneficial and pathological organisms.
• Bacterial and mycology sensitivities are provided for pathogenic or potentially pathogenic cultured organisms. The report includes effective prescriptive and natural agents.

• Parasitology includes comprehensive testing for all parasites on every parasitology exam ordered.
  • GI Effects provides microscopic fecal specimen examination for ova and parasites (O&P), the gold standard of diagnosis for many parasites.
  • 6 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targets detect common protozoan parasites including Blastocystis spp. with reflex subtyping 1-9, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia. PCR for organisms is emerging as a highly sensitive method for infectious organism detection.
  • Selection of a one-day or three-day sample collection is based on the clinician's clinical index of suspicion for parasitic infection. If there is no/low suspicion, a one-day sample will likely be adequate. For high suspicion, a three-day sample collection is optimal.

• Additional Biomarkers Available:
  • Campylobacter
  • Clostridium difficile
  • Escherichia coli
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Macro Exam for Worms
  • KOH Preparation for Yeast
  • Zonulin Family Peptide
  • Fecal Lactoferrin

What Advantage Does the Microbial Ecology Profile Offer Compared to Other Diagnostics?

GI Effects® represents the best technical available to assess the gut microbiome, combining:

• 16S rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification technique for anaerobic commensal bacteria
• Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technology for bacterial and fungal species identification via culture
• Gold standard microscopic ova and parasite (O&P) detection
• Real-time PCR for the identification of 6 common parasites
• Next-Generation DNA sequencing for Blastocystis spp. with reflex subtyping 1-9

The test report is organized so that the clinician can move through results in a logical order that enhances clinical utility, starting with the innovative Interpretation-At-A-Glance pages to synthesize the information.

What Can Clinicians and Patients Expect from GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile Stool Testing?

The GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile results provide insight into the root cause(s) of gut symptoms originating from a disturbed gut microbiome. Symptoms often improve as identified imbalances become normalized through targeted antimicrobial, dietary, lifestyle, and supplementation therapeutics.

References

1. Marchesi J, et. al. The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier. Gut. 2016 Feb;65(2):330-9.
2. Clemente J, et. al. The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative review. Cell. 2012 Mar;148(6):1258-70.

H.Pylori Add On

Non-invasive Assay

Stool antigen tests have been recommended by both the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and the American College of Gastroenterologists (ACG) as the most accurate non-invasive tests for diagnosis and for confirmation of eradication.^1,2 This method is highly sensitive and specific and useful for diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and test of eradication. Unlike stool antigen tests, Serology-based methods have a sensitivity and specificity of only 90% and cannot distinguish between active and resolved infection.^3,4 Thus, serology tests are not recommended by the AGA for initial diagnosis of H pylori infection.⁴ Furthermore, they are not recommended by either the AGA or the ACG for monitoring infection or confirming eradication of the organism.^3,4

Transmission

Is incompletely characterized. Person-to-person transmission is most commonly implicated with fecal/oral, oral/oral, or gastric/oral pathways.

Symptoms

Acute gastritis with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Non-ulcer dyspepsia is common. Development of severe H. pylori disease is partially determined by the virulence of the infecting strain.

Therapeutic Considerations

Conventional recommendation is polypharmacy: antibiotics and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). See www.acg.gi.org. Botanical anti-H. pylori formulas may prove helpful. See www.cdc.gov/ulcer/keytocure.htm. ¹⁾Talley NJ; American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: evaluation of dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:1753-1755. ²⁾ Chey WD, Wong BC; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1808-1825. ³⁾Talley NJ, Vakil N; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2324-2337. ⁴⁾Talley NJ, Vakil NB, Moayyedi P. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the evaluation of dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:1756-1780.